{"id":2396,"date":"2026-09-04T06:45:00","date_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:45:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/optimizing-humans.com\/?p=2396"},"modified":"2026-09-04T06:45:00","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T05:45:00","slug":"vitamin-k-benefits-k1-k2-bone-health","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/optimizing-humans.com\/index.php\/2026\/09\/04\/vitamin-k-benefits-k1-k2-bone-health\/","title":{"rendered":"Vitamin K Explained: Blood Clotting, Bone Health, K1 vs K2 and What the Science Says"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Vitamin K Explained: Blood Clotting, Bones, K1 vs K2 and What the Science Really Says<\/h1>\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n

Vitamin K has a slightly unfortunate reputation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vitamin C gets immunity. Vitamin D gets sunshine. B vitamins get energy. Vitamin A gets vision.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vitamin K gets blood clotting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Useful, certainly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not exactly glamorous.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yet vitamin K is considerably more interesting than its reputation suggests. It is an essential fat-soluble vitamin involved in activating proteins required for normal blood coagulation, and it also participates in the biology of bone and other tissues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More recently, vitamin K2 supplements have become increasingly popular, particularly alongside vitamin D, with claims ranging from stronger bones to cleaner arteries, improved heart health and even better brain function.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Some of those claims have plausible biological foundations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plausible, however, is not the same as proven.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So what does vitamin K actually do? Is K2 better than K1? Should everyone taking vitamin D also take vitamin K2? And what happens if you’re taking warfarin?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Let’s look at the evidence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What Is Vitamin K?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Vitamin K is a family of fat-soluble compounds rather than one single molecule.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The two major groups discussed in human nutrition are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • Vitamin K1, or phylloquinone<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Vitamin K2, or menaquinones<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    Vitamin K1 is predominantly found in plant foods, particularly green leafy vegetables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Vitamin K2 refers to a family of menaquinones, commonly abbreviated according to the length of their side chain, such as MK-4 and MK-7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Different menaquinones occur in certain animal and fermented foods and can also be produced by bacteria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    They are related compounds, but their absorption, metabolism and biological half-lives are not identical.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    What Does Vitamin K Actually Do?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Vitamin K acts as a cofactor for an enzyme involved in a process called gamma-carboxylation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    That sounds like the sort of phrase designed specifically to make people stop reading nutrition articles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The practical explanation is much easier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Several proteins in the body need to be chemically modified before they can function properly. Vitamin K helps make that modification possible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    These vitamin K-dependent proteins include several involved in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • Blood coagulation<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Regulation of coagulation<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Bone metabolism<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Other processes involving calcium handling within tissues<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      Without sufficient vitamin K, some of these proteins cannot function normally.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Vitamin K and Blood Clotting<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

      This is vitamin K’s best-established role.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Several coagulation factors depend on vitamin K for their normal biological activity, including factors II, VII, IX and X.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Vitamin K is also required for proteins C and S, which help regulate coagulation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      So describing vitamin K simply as the “blood clotting vitamin” is understandable, but slightly incomplete.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      It contributes to a carefully regulated coagulation system rather than simply telling your blood to clot as much as possible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Biology generally prefers balance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      What Happens If You Don’t Get Enough Vitamin K?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

      Clinically significant vitamin K deficiency can impair normal blood coagulation and increase bleeding risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Possible signs of significant deficiency can include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      • Easy bruising<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Bleeding<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Prolonged clotting<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Blood in the stool or urine in severe cases<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        Fortunately, overt vitamin K deficiency is uncommon in healthy adults eating a varied diet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Deficiency becomes more likely in situations involving significant fat malabsorption, certain gastrointestinal disorders or medications that interfere with vitamin K metabolism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Why Do Newborn Babies Receive Vitamin K?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

        This is one of vitamin K’s most important medical uses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Babies are born with relatively low vitamin K stores. Transfer of vitamin K across the placenta is limited, the newborn gut does not initially provide a substantial bacterial contribution, and breast milk contains relatively small amounts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        This creates a risk of vitamin K deficiency bleeding<\/strong>, sometimes abbreviated to VKDB.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        VKDB can be extremely serious because bleeding can occur internally, including within the brain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Vitamin K prophylaxis shortly after birth dramatically reduces this risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        This is not a trendy wellness intervention.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        It is preventive medicine with a very clear purpose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Vitamin K and Bone Health<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

        This is where vitamin K starts appearing more frequently in the supplement aisle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        One vitamin K-dependent protein is osteocalcin<\/strong>, a protein produced by bone-forming cells.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Vitamin K is required for the carboxylation of osteocalcin, which helps enable its normal biological function.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        That provides a genuine mechanistic reason to investigate vitamin K and bone health.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Researchers have therefore studied whether vitamin K supplementation can improve bone mineral density or reduce fractures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        The answer is not as straightforward as supplement advertising sometimes suggests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Does Vitamin K2 Strengthen Bones?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

        Some studies have reported potentially favourable effects of vitamin K, particularly certain K2 preparations, on markers of bone metabolism and some measures of bone health.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        However, results across trials and reviews have been inconsistent, with differences in population, dose, form of vitamin K and study quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        This means there is biological plausibility and some encouraging evidence, but it does not justify treating routine K2 supplementation as an established requirement for every healthy adult.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Bone health is also considerably bigger than one vitamin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Important factors include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        • Adequate calcium intake<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Adequate vitamin D status<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Protein intake<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Resistance and weight-bearing exercise<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Hormonal health<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Smoking and alcohol exposure<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Age and genetics<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          No single softgel gets to take credit for the entire skeleton.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Vitamin K2 and Heart Health<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

          This is probably the most heavily marketed modern use of vitamin K2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Another vitamin K-dependent protein, matrix Gla protein<\/strong>, is involved in regulating calcification within blood vessels and other soft tissues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          This has led to a popular theory that vitamin K2 helps “direct calcium into the bones and away from the arteries”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          That phrase is catchy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          It is also a substantial simplification of some very complicated physiology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Observational studies and clinical trials have investigated vitamin K status and vascular calcification, but evidence that routine K2 supplementation prevents cardiovascular disease or reliably reverses arterial calcification remains insufficient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          The mechanism is interesting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          The clinical promise is interesting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Routine cardiovascular treatment? Not established.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Should You Take Vitamin K2 With Vitamin D?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

          This combination appears everywhere online.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          The logic usually goes something like this: vitamin D increases calcium absorption, while vitamin K activates proteins involved in calcium metabolism, therefore everyone taking vitamin D must also take K2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          There is some biological logic behind studying the nutrients together.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          But the final conclusion is too strong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          There is not currently convincing evidence that every person taking a normal vitamin D supplement also needs a separate K2 supplement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          That does not mean K2 is useless.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          It means “vitamin D must always be taken with K2” is a stronger claim than current evidence supports.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          K1 vs K2: What’s the Difference?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

          Vitamin K1 and K2 both contribute to vitamin K-dependent biological processes, but they differ in their chemical structures, dietary sources and pharmacokinetics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Vitamin K1<\/strong> is the predominant dietary form in many diets and is particularly abundant in green vegetables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Vitamin K2<\/strong> consists of several menaquinones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Two forms frequently seen in supplements are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \n
          • MK-4<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • MK-7<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

            MK-7 has a relatively long circulating half-life compared with vitamin K1 and MK-4, which allows blood concentrations to remain elevated for longer after supplementation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            This pharmacological difference does not automatically mean MK-7 is universally “better”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Longer lasting and clinically superior are not synonyms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            What Foods Contain Vitamin K1?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

            Green vegetables are the stars here.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Good sources include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \n
            • Kale<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Spinach<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Broccoli<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Brussels sprouts<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Cabbage<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Other green leafy vegetables<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Some vegetable oils<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

              A portion of leafy greens can contain a substantial amount of vitamin K1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Your salad has apparently been doing coagulation biochemistry this entire time without mentioning it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Where Does Vitamin K2 Come From?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

              Menaquinones are found in certain fermented foods and some animal-derived foods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              The most famous dietary source is natto<\/strong>, a traditional Japanese fermented soybean food that is particularly rich in MK-7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Some cheeses and other fermented foods can also provide menaquinones, although the amount and specific forms vary considerably.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Small amounts of particular K2 forms are also present in foods such as eggs and meat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Does Gut Bacteria Make Vitamin K?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

              Yes, certain bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract can produce menaquinones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              However, exactly how much this contributes to human vitamin K requirements remains uncertain because much of the bacterial production occurs in the colon, while absorption and bioavailability vary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              So “your gut bacteria make vitamin K” is true.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              “Therefore dietary vitamin K doesn’t matter” is not.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              How Much Vitamin K Do You Need?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

              Recommendations differ depending on the country and the system used to establish nutritional requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              In the United States, adequate intake levels for adults are approximately:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \n
              • 120 mcg per day for adult men<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • 90 mcg per day for adult women<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                UK guidance takes a different approach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                The NHS states that adults need approximately 1 microgram of vitamin K per kilogram of body weight per day<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                So, for example, a person weighing 70 kg would need approximately 70 mcg per day according to that general UK estimate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Most people should be able to obtain sufficient vitamin K from a varied diet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Can You Take Too Much Vitamin K?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                Unlike some other fat-soluble vitamins, vitamin K1 and K2 have relatively low documented toxicity from ordinary dietary and supplemental intake in healthy adults.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                No conventional tolerable upper intake level has been established for naturally occurring vitamin K forms because evidence of toxicity is limited.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                That should not be interpreted as permission to take unlimited amounts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                More importantly, vitamin K has one clinically significant interaction that completely changes the conversation for some people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Vitamin K and Warfarin<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                If there is one section of this article worth remembering, it is this one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Warfarin works by interfering with the vitamin K cycle, thereby reducing the activation of several vitamin K-dependent clotting factors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                This means significant changes in vitamin K intake can alter the anticoagulant effect of warfarin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                And this leads to one of the biggest misconceptions surrounding vitamin K.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                People taking warfarin are not generally told to eliminate vitamin K from their diet.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                The key issue is consistency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Why Consistency Matters More Than Avoidance<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                Imagine someone taking warfarin who normally eats very few green vegetables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                They suddenly decide to become exceptionally healthy and begin consuming enormous spinach smoothies, kale salads and broccoli every day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                That major increase in vitamin K intake could alter their response to warfarin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                The reverse can also happen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Someone who regularly consumes vitamin K-rich foods and then abruptly removes them may also change the stability of their anticoagulation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                The objective is therefore usually to maintain a reasonably consistent pattern of vitamin K intake while warfarin dosing and INR monitoring are managed accordingly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Do not dramatically change your intake or start a vitamin K supplement without discussing it with the healthcare team managing your anticoagulation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                What About Other Blood Thinners?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                Not every anticoagulant works like warfarin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Direct oral anticoagulants such as apixaban, rivaroxaban, edoxaban and dabigatran do not rely on vitamin K antagonism in the same way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Therefore, the classic vitamin K dietary interaction associated with warfarin does not generally apply to these medicines in the same way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                However, anyone taking anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication should still discuss new supplements with a pharmacist or prescriber rather than assuming every product is harmless.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Does Vitamin K Improve Brain Function?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                Vitamin K-dependent proteins and vitamin K compounds are present within nervous tissue, and researchers have investigated potential relationships between vitamin K status and cognition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Observational research has produced some interesting associations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                However, evidence is not currently sufficient to establish vitamin K supplementation as a reliable cognitive enhancer in healthy adults.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                So, once again:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Important for normal biology does not automatically mean nootropic.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Does Vitamin K Improve Exercise Performance?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                There is no established evidence that routine vitamin K supplementation improves strength, endurance, muscle growth or athletic performance in vitamin K-replete adults.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Vitamin K certainly contributes to normal physiology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                But if your pre-workout currently lacks MK-7, there is no compelling reason to panic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Does Vitamin K Help With Energy?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                Vitamin K is not an energy supplement in the conventional sense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                There is no reliable evidence that taking extra vitamin K provides a noticeable energy boost in healthy people with adequate nutritional status.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                If fatigue is persistent, unexplained or significant, investigating common causes is considerably more sensible than cycling through random vitamin bottles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Should Everyone Take Vitamin K2?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                No convincing evidence currently supports routine K2 supplementation for every healthy adult.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                There are interesting research areas involving bone health, vascular calcification and vitamin K-dependent proteins, and future research may clarify which groups benefit most.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                For now, however, “everyone needs K2” goes beyond what we actually know.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                If your diet contains plenty of vegetables and other nutritious foods, you may already be obtaining adequate vitamin K without ever owning a bottle labelled MK-7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Vitamin K1 vs K2: Quick Comparison<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                Feature<\/th>Vitamin K1<\/th>Vitamin K2<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
                Other name<\/td>Phylloquinone<\/td>Menaquinones<\/td><\/tr>
                Major sources<\/td>Leafy green vegetables<\/td>Fermented foods and some animal foods<\/td><\/tr>
                Role in coagulation<\/td>Yes<\/td>Yes<\/td><\/tr>
                Bone-health interest<\/td>Yes<\/td>Yes, particularly MK-4\/MK-7 research<\/td><\/tr>
                Common supplement forms<\/td>K1<\/td>MK-4 and MK-7<\/td><\/tr>
                Proven cognitive enhancer<\/td>No<\/td>No<\/td><\/tr>
                Proven performance enhancer<\/td>No<\/td>No<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

                What Forms Do Vitamin K Supplements Come In?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                Vitamin K supplements are commonly available as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \n
                • Tablets<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Capsules<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Softgels<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Combination vitamin D and K products<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Multivitamin and mineral supplements<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                  K2 supplements commonly contain MK-7 or MK-4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  Because vitamin K is fat soluble, absorption occurs alongside dietary fat, although you do not need to construct an elaborate high-fat meal purely for your supplement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  Food First Still Makes Sense<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                  For most healthy adults, vitamin K is another nutrient where an ordinary varied diet can do a remarkably good job.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  Leafy greens provide vitamin K1 alongside fibre, folate, carotenoids and numerous other nutrients.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  Broccoli and Brussels sprouts contribute vitamin K alongside an entire collection of other useful compounds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  Fermented foods can provide certain K2 forms while contributing other nutrients depending on the food.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  Supplements isolate one component.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  Food brings friends.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  The Bottom Line<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                  Vitamin K is essential.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  Its role in normal blood coagulation is firmly established, and vitamin K-dependent proteins also participate in bone metabolism and other aspects of human physiology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  Vitamin K1 comes primarily from plant foods, especially leafy green vegetables, while vitamin K2 includes several menaquinones found in fermented and some animal foods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  Research into K2 and bone or cardiovascular health is genuinely interesting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  But interesting evidence is not the same as proof that every healthy adult needs a K2 supplement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  There is also no established evidence that routine vitamin K supplementation improves cognition, energy or athletic performance in people who already have adequate vitamin K status.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  For most people, eating plenty of vegetables will provide a meaningful supply of vitamin K without much thought.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  There is one major exception to the casual approach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  Warfarin.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  If you take warfarin or another vitamin K antagonist, do not suddenly eliminate leafy greens and do not suddenly start consuming huge quantities either. Keeping vitamin K intake reasonably consistent is usually far more important than trying to make your diet completely vitamin K-free.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  And never start a vitamin K supplement without checking with the healthcare team managing your anticoagulation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  Vitamin K may not have the celebrity status of vitamin D or vitamin C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  It doesn’t need it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  It already has an essential job.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \n\n\n\n

                  Important:<\/strong> This article is for general educational purposes and is not a substitute for individual medical advice. If you take warfarin or another anticoagulant, have a bleeding disorder, have a condition affecting fat absorption, or are considering high-dose vitamin K supplementation, speak to a pharmacist, doctor, dietitian or other appropriately qualified healthcare professional before making significant changes to your diet or supplements.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                  Vitamin K Explained: Blood Clotting, Bones, K1 vs K2 and What the Science Really Says Vitamin K has a slightly […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2397,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[105,106,103],"tags":[270,163,94,269,268,30,265,266,267,26],"class_list":["post-2396","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-conditions","category-mind-body","category-vitamins","tag-blood-clotting","tag-bone-health","tag-evidence-based-supplements","tag-mk-4","tag-mk-7","tag-nutrition","tag-vitamin-k","tag-vitamin-k1","tag-vitamin-k2","tag-vitamins"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/optimizing-humans.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2396","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/optimizing-humans.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/optimizing-humans.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/optimizing-humans.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/optimizing-humans.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2396"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/optimizing-humans.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2396\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2398,"href":"https:\/\/optimizing-humans.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2396\/revisions\/2398"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/optimizing-humans.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2397"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/optimizing-humans.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2396"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/optimizing-humans.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2396"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/optimizing-humans.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2396"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}